Nevertheless, EVs released by other gram-positive species (Staphylococcus aureus, G. vaginalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalisi) also protect human cervicovaginal tissues ex vivo and isolated cells from HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1-cell receptor interactions which are related to the steric hindrance of gp120 or gp120 modification (Costantini et al., 2022). The gene discussed is ITIH4; the disease is HIV-1 infection.