TAMs can play a role in endocrine resistance; for example, macrophages may induce endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells by inducing sustained release of TNF-α and IL-6 from breast cancer cells, resulting in activation of NFκB, STAT3, and ERK-1 and hyperphosphorylation of ERα (75). The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is breast carcinoma.