RET and thyroid gland carcinoma: Studies have identified several targetable (or potentially targetable) alterations in advanced thyroid cancer, including mutations in commonly detected genes such BRAFV600E, RET, PIK3CA, as well as gene fusions including RET, NTRK, and ALK. In addition to therapies targeting specific genetic alterations, immunotherapy shows significant promise in treating tumors with microsatellite instability, high tumor mutational burden (TMB), and high PD-L 1 expression.