HAMP and preeclampsia: On the other hand, several studies have shown higher serum iron and ferritin and serum hepcidin and pro-hepcidin levels in women with preeclampsia compared to healthy pregnant women (Muhsin et al., 2016; Brunacci et al., 2018; Shaji Geetha et al., 2022; Ölmez et al., 2022) It is worth mentioning that a recent meta-analysis (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2022), which included 760 individuals from seven studies, concluded that the pooled mean hepcidin levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia than in women without preeclampsia.