BMP4 and atherosclerosis: One study found that BMP-4 expression was decreased in perivascular adipose tissue from mice and humans with atherosclerosis, and scholars further found that both BMP-4 knockdown and adipocyte-specific BMP-4 knockdown aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation by promoting inflammation and impairing lipid metabolism in brown adipocytes in Apoe−/− mice, while BMP-4 overexpression promoted browning of perivascular adipose tissue and significantly decreased plaques in advanced atherosclerosis (Mu et al., 2021).