Previous studies have indicated that MSCs derived EVs containing miR-212-5p may ameliorate myocardial fibrosis after MI by inhibiting the NLRC5/VEGF/TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway, as evidenced by reducing the expression of TGF-β1, collagen type I (Col I), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (Wu et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis.