CTLA4 and neoplasm: As shown in Figure12A, EcN were engineered to control the production and release of nanobodies targeting PD‐L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 (CTLA‐4) using a stabilized lysing release mechanism.[201] Similarly, a nonpathogenic E. coli strain that can specifically lyse and release a CD47 nanoantagonist (CD47nb) in TME was designed by Chowdhury et al., which increased the activation of tumor‐infiltrating T cells, stimulated rapid tumor regression, prevented metastasis, and led to long‐term survival in A20 B cell lymphoma mouse model (Figure 12B).[125] Yoon et al.