TNF and cancer: Intravenous injection of C. novyi‐NT spores resulted in increased LPS‐induced TNF‐α production, LTA‐induced IL‐10 production and NK cell‐like function post‐treatment.[231] In addition, spore coat could be converted into multifunctional coat nanoparticles (CN) by mechanical extrusion in vitro, which could repair epithelial barrier, inhibit IL‐1β and TNF‐α, and block IL‐6‐STAT3 signaling to prevent the development of CA‐CRC.[229a]