Furthermore, the results of immunofluorescence co-staining of p-DNA-PKcs with Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL) (a renal tubule marker) or α-SMA (a marker of myofibroblasts) showed that DNA-PKcs was upregulated in both tubular epithelial cells and myofibroblasts of the kidney tissues from CKD patients (Fig. 1d, e). Here, ACTA1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.