Importantly, the combination showed significantly greater AUCs over CA125 to differentiate ovarian cancer from endometriosis [0.897 (95% CI 0.832–0.963) vs. 0.659, P < 0.001] and to detect borderline ovarian tumors [0.885 (95% CI 0.819–0.951) vs. 0.780, P = 0.017], early-stage ovarian cancer [0.879 (95% CI 0.813–0.944) vs. 0.749, P = 0.005], and non-epithelial ovarian malignancies [0.926 (95% CI 0.875–0.977) vs. 0.751, P < 0.001] (Fig. 4A–D; Table S3). The gene discussed is MUC16; the disease is ovarian cancer.