From 1 to 2.5 years of age (n = 461), the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections was similar between randomized infants receiving four different young-child formulas containing GOS (4 g/L), TGF-β (9.9 or 15 μg/L), lactoferrin (0 to 1.7 g/L), immunoglobulins (0 to 1 g/L), milk fat (0.5 to 17 g/L), and 2′FL (0 or 3 g/L). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.