NFE2 and chronic kidney disease: At high concentrations, hippuric acid may also exert toxic effects on renal tubular cells by disrupting the redox balance through the downregulation of the Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 (NRF2) transcription factor, which is responsible for the expression of antioxidant enzymes [22], and on endothelial cells, where it can induce massive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [23] and synthesis of miR-92a, a mediator involved in atherosclerosis related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) [24].