In type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), a baseline serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with PAI-1 levels, and a 180-day intervention of 2000 IU of oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol) daily lead to an increase in vitamin D levels and a decrease in PAI-1 levels significantly [44]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and vitamin D deficiency.