AIF1 and Parkinson disease: In the echinacoside group of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Parkinson’s disease model mice, Iba-1, a specific marker of midbrain microglia, was decreased, and echinacoside treatment inhibited microglia activation, thereby improving brain inflammation [98].