TNF and infection: During TB infection, a sufficient amount of IL-12 is needed to regulate the macrophages controlling TB pathogenicity in type 2 DM by secreting anti-bacterial cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as the effectors for cellular innate immune cells at overcoming an infection [24].