VDAC1 and Alzheimer disease: The Aβ-related astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) from the brain tissue and serum of a transgenic mouse model of familial AD (5 × FAD) or AD patients were rich in the sphingolipid ceramide, which promotes the binding of Aβ to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) to form an oligomeric proapoptotic pore.