TNF and cancer: However, it is important to highlight that a recent noninferiority randomized trial (the ORAL Surveillance study) in a cardiovascular-risk enriched population of patients with RA failed to demonstrate the noninferiority of tofacitinib compared with a TNF inhibitor in terms of occurrence of adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and cancer, the coprimary endpoints, with a hazard ratio for MACEs of 1.33 (95%CI 0.91 to 1.94); the incidence of MACE in the combined doses (5 and 10 mg) of tofacitinib was 3.4% compared with 2.5% in the TNF inhibitor group [72].