The rs361525 variant (G-238A) of TNF-α was linked to a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis in AATD in 424 unrelated PI*ZZ subjects with a known history of chronic bronchitis, lung function impairment as assessed by the FEV1%pred, and emphysema and bronchiectasis confirmed by high-resolution CT scanning [16]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic bronchitis.