While the direct mechanism by which PPARγ controls NFκB in the urothelium is unclear, current evidence suggest that PPARγ is involved in the modulation of inflammation by regulating the expression of NKκB p65 subunit after urinary tract infection, which leads to inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression such as COX2, IL1, and IL8 [52,69], which was also shown in this study. Here, IL1A is linked to urinary tract infection.