KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For instance, Chen et al. (2017) demonstrated a correlation between high PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression and KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) mutation in non-small cell lung carcinoma, suggesting that blocking the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway could be a novel therapeutic option for lung cancer with genetic alteration in KRAS [17].