Furthermore, we know from earlier studies that upon release from the microglial cells in the brain, the chemokine MCP-1 (a.k.a. CCL2) crosses the blood-brain barrier into the peripheral system to bind to its receptor, CCR2, expressed by activated macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, and thereby cause recruitment of these cells into the GBM tumor in the brain [15,16,17]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.