In the case of Il-1β, both in vitro and in vivo data using 786-O renal cancer cells xenografts in mice indicated that this cytokine induces dysregulation in protein folding accompanied by activation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)/ MCPIP-1 signaling in RCC, which in turn activates ER stress (GRP78 and PERK increase) and ER stress-induced apoptosis (CHOP increase) [162]. Here, DDIT3 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.