BMP2 and postmenopausal osteoporosis: The BMP/Smad pathway of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was found to be decreased in subjects with postmenopausal osteoporosis [45], and recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) showed positive effects in the OVX-induced mouse model [46] and in a human study of patients with open tibial fractures [47].