PRKN and Parkinson disease: Among the reported PD-related genes, alpha-synuclein (αS) [39,40], LRRK2 [41,42], Parkin [43,44], PINK1 [45,46], and DJ-1 [47,48] have also been found to regulate the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic vesicles and the circulation of synaptic vesicles.