Although serum VCAM-1 levels correlate with hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD [22], a finding that may be linked with the upregulation of VCAM-1 in activated HSCs, as identified here, our functional results suggest that VCAM-1 in HSCs does not play a pathophysiological role in fibrosis progression. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.