Circulating apelin concentrations showed a significant negative correlation with mean arterial blood pressure, proteinuria, serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1, a soluble form of VEGF/PLGF receptors which acts as an effective scavenger of VEGF and PLGF and sensitizes maternal endothelium to proinflammatory cytokines, thus inducing endothelial dysfunction and multiorgan damage), soluble endoglin (sEng, that acts as a limiting factor for eNOS activity), and IFN-γ levels in PE compared to control women [72]. This evidence concerns the gene APLN and endothelial dysfunction.