NOS1 and anorectal malformation: In Dariel’s study [40], through comparing surgically resected bowel samples from HSCR neonates and the proximal end of the stoma of patients with anorectal malformation (ARM), the number of nNOS enteric neurons in the nerve segments of patients in the HSCR combined with obstructive symptoms group was found to be significantly reduced, whereas the proportion of nNOS to total enteric neurons was higher in patients in the HSCR combined with HAEC or diarrhea groups, similar to the results obtained by Cheng [60].