TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: AMPK enhances glucose transporter GLUT4 regulation, which is a key regulator of insulin resistance [48], since tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of NAFLD and progression to NASH by upregulating key molecules associated with lipid metabolism, inflammatory cytokines, and fibrosis in the liver [49].