TNF and skin infection: Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were elevated during wound healing, consistent with previously reported results showing elevated IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-8, IL-13 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the skin infection wound model [61,62].