LCN2 and breast cancer: Subsequent studies have strengthened the association between elevated NGAL levels and breast cancer [55,56] and, more specifically, the upregulation of the LCN2 [56,57] with consequent activation of the e-cadherin pathway, starting from the activation of the transmembrane glycoprotein cadherin that is known to stimulate cellular invasion and metastasis properties via tumor-stroma interactions, a process that apparently leads to significantly poor disease outcomes [57] (Table 2).