TNF and neoplasm: Indeed, chemokines like chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted by CAAs, orchestrate tumor invasion of the basement membrane and distant metastasis through the circulatory system.