Different cell types, including human breast cancer cells, human aortic smooth muscle cells with basal expressions of TF, human monocytes conditioned to express TF, and porcine aortic endothelial cells overexpressing human TF showed dose-dependent transactivation of the IGF-1R upon treatment with full functioning FVIIa, but not after treatment with an active site-inhibited FVIIa. Here, TF is linked to breast carcinoma.