The development of MDS-pCT after receiving anthracyclines and/or topoisomerase II inhibitors is associated with a median latency of 1 to 3 years and an MLL translocation at 11q23 or RUNX1/AML1 at 21q22 and a low frequency of complex karyotypes [22,26,27] (Table 1). The gene discussed is RUNX1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.