OAds expressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-2 enhance and maintain T-cell function, promote the infiltration of anti-MSLN CAR-T cells in tumors, overcome the heterogeneity of tumor target antigen expression and reduce tumor immunosuppression, thereby improving the efficacy of anti-MSLN CAR-T cells in pancreatic cancer [88]. Here, TNF is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.