Large-scale trials are necessary to validate anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy markers such as PD-L2, IFN-γ, EGFR, TMB and bTMB, age, mutations of ARID1A, PIK3-CA and TP53, NLR, VEGF, TGF–β, TILs, alternative splicing, tumor size, and tumor microenvironment, including TLS, PET, and MRI contrast enhancement profiles. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.