Although it has been associated with a protumor function, one study reported that exosomes from M1 macrophages, primarily through HOTTIP, inhibit HNSCC progression by activating the TLR5/NF-κB signaling pathway by competitively sponging miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p. This evidence concerns the gene TLR5 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.