ALB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Regarding preoperative factors, the AKI and non-AKI cohorts differed significantly by sex (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), race (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), hematocrit (P < 0.001), albumin (P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), congestive heart failure (P < 0.001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.001).