TGFB1 and glioblastoma: For example, glioblastoma (GBM) cells reduced lymphocyte infiltration by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10, IL-2, and TGF-β, and recruited and induced macrophages to become M2 phenotypes by secreting IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, macrophage–colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), TGF-β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [39].