PKM and cancer: Glycolysis, also known as Warburg effect, refers to the transformation of glucose into lactate in cancer cells under the aerobic conditions.[4] Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a crucial enzyme to metabolic and glycolytic flux, and its upregulation causes a several-fold increase in glucose consumption and lactate production.[5] In addition to its known role as a metabolic enzyme, PKM2 can act as a signaling modulator in cancer development and progression.