TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Other pro-inflammatory soluble effectors revealed to play a pivotal role in the CRS pathogenesis, such as Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM CSF) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha The blockade of their signaling pathways on murine models has also been shown to be associated with reduced IL-6 levels and CRS manifestations, without interfering with the antitumor effects of CAR-T cells (36, 37).