EPO and anemia: In addition to inflammatory cytokines, anemia of chronic disease has been associated with other factors such as IL-33 mediated by binding to its receptor ST2 on erythroid progenitors and high mobility group box-1 protein HMGB1 binding to its receptor on erythroid precursors, that is proposed to interfere with EPO binding to EPOR (Swann et al., 2020; Dulmovits et al., 2022).