TNF and viral infectious disease: Effector CD8+ T cell lymphocytes migrate to the inflamed lung and clear virus infected airways (1) by killing infected epithelial cells (26) and by producing proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 and CCR5 chemokines) that contribute to the recruitment and in situ activation of additional inflammatory DCs and pDCs at sites of viral infection (55).