Furthermore, a literature showed a long noncoding RNA VPS9D1-AS1 can amplify intratumoral TGF-β signalling and promote tumour cell escape from CD8 + T cell killing in colorectal cancer by binding a ribosome protein S3 (RPS3) [46], which is a canonical RBP and was overexpressed in CRC tumour samples validated by our DEG analysis (logFC = 0.51, FDR = 4.88E-11). Here, RPS3 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.