INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Considering the interdependency of glucose and insulin during the progression of type 2 diabetes as mentioned above [51], the HOMA-IR could be inadequate to detect a slowly developing beta-cell secretory defects as its formula (“fasting insulin x fasting glucose/22.5 or 405”) could be increased solely by elevated glucose levels, while the insulin secretion defect would only be seen at a later time point.