VEGFA and neoplasm: These adipose phenotypic changes are in parallel but all driven by the HSA axis: decreased leptin expression and release contributing to an anti-tumor effect; increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which increases energy expenditure and leanness through inducing beige cells; increased PTEN expression contributing to the reduction of adipocyte size and the increase of lipolysis; increased interleukin 15 (IL-15) expression leading to induction of adipose resident natural killer (NK) cells.