TNF and infection: Multiple studies have shown elevated TNFA in SP of men with genitourinary infection or disease, including men with leukocytospermia,68, 83, 90, 127 microbial infection,10 varicocoele,15, 83 chronic bacterial prostatitis,11, 93 HIV infection36 and recent COVID‐19 infection,26 implying SP TNFA may indicate underlying inflammation, infection, and genitourinary disease in men.