In AD, subcutaneous administration of TMSCs in mice (2 × 104 cells) can decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-4 secreted by Th1 and Th2 cells and the level of IgE secreted by B cells and mast cells (56). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Alzheimer disease.