found that MSCs isolated from the skin lesion of patients in AD can enhance the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells and promote the production of their pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and IFN-γ, whereas they decrease the number of Th2 cells and their production including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-23A. Here, IL4 is linked to Alzheimer disease.