TNF and neoplasm: TNF-, IL-1, IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, and other pro-tumorigenic cytokines and interleukins are secreted by infiltrating immune cells at the site of infection in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment (León et al.; Hung et al., 2012; Fu et al., 2015; Hospital, 2018; Seol et al., 2019).In combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS), these pro-tumorigenic cytokines lead to DNA damage by inducing genotypic changes in degraded tissue mucosa in favour of tumour initiation and development (Kryston et al., 2011; Kidane et al., 2014) (Figure 1).