STAT3 and diabetes mellitus: Few preclinical experiments have focused on the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on MI without diabetes, and the proposed mechanisms were lowering intracellular Na+ and Ca2+, NHE inhibition, STAT3 and AMPK activation, CamKII inhibition, reduced inflammation, oxidative stress or modulate autophagy (Andreadou et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2022).