IGF1 and colorectal carcinoma: IGF-1 activates proinflammatory signalling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (by binding to IGF-1R) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (AKT) pathway, both of which affect colorectal epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and contribute to the development of CRC (14).