FH and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of a published HLRCC gene expression dataset revealed a chronic inflammatory response, with an activation of innate immunity and DNA-sensor pathways similar to that observed in vivo (Fig. 5a), and quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR) showed an upregulation of the same key markers in FH-deficient tumours (Fig. 5b).