After confirmation of AML engraftment by BM aspirate, mice were assigned to a control or chemotherapy cohort (cytarabine 60 mg/kg on days 1–5; daunorubicin 1.5 mg/kg on days 1–3) matched for human CD45+ engraftment levels within each patient-derived xenograft group (Supplementary Fig. 3E). This evidence concerns the gene PTPRC and acute myeloid leukemia.